![\"\"](\"https:\/\/iba.atu.edu.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/3dd63ccd-1e0e-43de-878f-fa45295c7100-1-1024x576.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/iba.atu.edu.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/8b69d9ce-c491-425e-afa0-500da70b51cc-2-1024x576.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n
2- \u0628\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u060c \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0647\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 3- \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 4- \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0634\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u062a\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n 5- \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0628\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a (\u0639\u062c\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641) \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062d\u0641\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u064a\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u060c \u0648\u0628\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u063a\u0641\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n 6-\u0628\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0643\u0627\u0638\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u062d\u0641\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0646\u0635<\/em>\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 (\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0633\u0631\u0647).<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n 7-\u0628\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0643\u0627\u0638\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f.+<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1- \u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u060c \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0646 “\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623” \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f\u060c \u0628\u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629. 2- \u0628\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u060c \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0647\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 … Continued<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":18801,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[154],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-18527","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-154"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/iba.atu.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18527","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/iba.atu.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/iba.atu.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iba.atu.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iba.atu.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=18527"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/iba.atu.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18527\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":18805,"href":"https:\/\/iba.atu.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18527\/revisions\/18805"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iba.atu.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/18801"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/iba.atu.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=18527"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iba.atu.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=18527"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iba.atu.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=18527"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}![\"\"](\"https:\/\/iba.atu.edu.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/8e720b02-b331-49e6-ba99-bc21968f19ef-1-1024x576.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/iba.atu.edu.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/0833aa54-61ed-40ea-9f4f-d6e6f68ec8e8-2-1024x576.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/iba.atu.edu.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/633098a6-c2c6-4003-af20-b44a37c69ff1-1-1024x704.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/iba.atu.edu.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/4f2e1fb2-4013-427b-b8c0-2386251ac9ae-1-1024x682.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/iba.atu.edu.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/6affd4b7-7aa2-4d90-b6f4-18c5edd19d4d-1-1024x682.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/iba.atu.edu.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/40ed280a-d44f-44e2-aa4f-3fe10f3a67c5-1-1024x682.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/iba.atu.edu.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/60a0a036-7751-41a1-a564-babb0fd10dbf-1024x682.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/iba.atu.edu.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/60779fe1-59aa-4b01-ba3b-666b6d76da7a-1024x682.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/iba.atu.edu.iq\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/ef09b027-d28a-4376-8543-35b870d95891-1024x768.jpg\")
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